Advanced Interfacial Engineering of Hybrid 2D Nanomaterials for Next-Generation Environmental Remediation and Energy Conversion Systems

Abstract

The global move towards a low carbon and sustainable economy rests on the basis of advanced materials that are able to overcome the inherent limitations of the current catalytic materials and membranes. This review aims to systematically and comprehensively evaluate the interfacial engineering strategies of hybrid 2D nanomaterials with particular emphasis on the fundamental charge-transfer dynamics and electronic interactions at the heterojunction interface. The manuscript critically summarizes recent progress in MXenes, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and semiconductor heterostructures, and explains the exact physical mechanisms behind spatial electron-hole separation, sub-nanometer ionic transport and enhanced surface reaction rate for these systems. The study also examines their application in energy-integrated environmental remediation hubs and the essential role of AI and digital twin technologies in ensuring the integrated system performs effectively at various scales. In addition, critical research gaps, such as the need for scalable, fluorine-free green synthesis methods, and the need for long-term hydrodynamic stability under industrial cross-flow conditions are addressed rigorously. In conclusion, this review provides a solid scientific basis and pathway for researchers and policymakers to tap into the potential of interfacial physics for the resilient implementation of circular bio economies.