Physico-Chemical Characterization and Fertility Status of Semi-Arid Calcareous Soils in Tehsil Domail, District Bannu, Pakistan

Abstract

Soil fertility assessment is essential for sustainable agricultural productivity, particularly in semi-arid regions where land degradation and nutrient depletion are prevalent. Tehsil Domail in District Bannu, Pakistan, remains underrepresented in national soil studies despite its agricultural significance and fragile agro-ecological conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical properties and fertility status of soils in Tehsil Domail. A total of twelve composite soil samples were collected from six different villages at a depth of 0–30 cm during August 2024. Samples were air-dried, ground, sieved, and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), texture, bulk density, particle density, organic matter (OM), and lime content using standard laboratory procedures. Results revealed that soils were neutral to slightly alkaline, with pH values ranging from 7.10 to 7.65. Electrical conductivity ranged from 0.36 to 0.48 dS m⁻¹, indicating non-saline conditions suitable for general crop production. Soil texture varied from sandy loam to loam, with bulk density between 1.33 and 1.46 g cm⁻³, favorable for root penetration and aeration. Organic matter content was low to medium, ranging from 0.82% to 1.08%, reflecting typical dryland conditions. Lime content ranged from 5.0% to 6.3%, indicating calcareous soils that may influence phosphorus availability. In conclusion, the soils of Tehsil Domail possess moderate physical fertility but require organic amendments and regular monitoring to enhance long-term productivity. This study provides baseline data for sustainable land management and recommends the application of farmyard manure or biochar, along with routine soil testing, to maintain soil health in the region.