Prevalence and Risk Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency among the Population of Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to various health conditions, including osteoporosis, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among the population of Karak district. A total of 130 individuals from different hospitals of Karak were assessed for Vitamin D levels. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using the 25-hydroxy Vitamin D [25(OH)D] test, which is the standard method for determining Vitamin D status. Serum samples were centrifuged, stored under controlled conditions, and then tested using immunoassay techniques to measure Vitamin D concentrations. The participants were also interviewed to collect demographic, dietary, and lifestyle data. The findings revealed that 50% were Vitamin D deficient, 27% were insufficient, and only 23% had sufficient levels. Urban residents showed higher deficiency rates (60%) compared to rural residents (40%). The 21–30 age group had the highest number of deficient cases. Females were more affected, accounting for 79% of deficient cases. Illiterate, poor, and non-physically active individuals showed higher deficiency rates. Despite supplementation, 80% of supplement users were still deficient. Limited sun exposure, lack of fish consumption, and use of certain medications were also associated with lower Vitamin D levels. Symptoms like fatigue, muscle weakness, and joint pain were commonly reported among deficient individuals. A family history of Vitamin D deficiency correlated with personal deficiency status.