Nitrogen Management and Genotypic Response of Cotton: Impacts on Productivity, Fiber Traits, and Economic Efficiency

Abstract

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the backbone of Pakistan’s agriculture and textile sector, contributing significantly to foreign exchange earnings and rural livelihoods. However, its productivity is often constrained by nutrient deficiencies, particularly nitrogen (N), which is essential for balanced vegetative and reproductive growth. This study was conducted at the Cotton Research Station, Dera Ismail Khan, to evaluate the response of three cotton genotypes (DNS-3, DNS-9, and Israr Shaheed) to five nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha⁻¹) using a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement. Key agronomic, physiological, yield, and fiber quality traits were examined, including plant population, height, SPAD value, boll characteristics, seed cotton yield, lint quality parameters, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE), and benefit–cost ratio (BCR). Results revealed that 150 kg N ha⁻¹ (N3) optimized most traits, producing the highest seed cotton yield (2499.1 kg ha⁻¹), superior fiber properties, and the greatest profitability (BCR 9.29). DNS-9 performed best among the cultivars across most parameters. The novelty of this work lies in integrating yield, quality, efficiency, and economic analysis to identify nitrogen-efficient genotypes and optimal fertilizer regimes under local conditions. Findings provide a clear direction for sustainable nitrogen management in cotton, ensuring both productivity and profitability for growers.