Religious Affiliation and Peace and Harmony in Punjab, Pakistan: A Non-Parametric Analysis of Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs

Abstract

This study examines the association between religious affiliation and peace and harmony among Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs in Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative research approach was adopted, and the study was conducted in three districts: Lahore, Faisalabad, and Nankana Sahib. A sample of 507 respondents belonging to the three religious communities was selected using a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire. Before final data collection, the reliability of the measurement instrument was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, with values exceeding the acceptable threshold of .700. Statistical analysis included a normality test to assess the distributional characteristics of the data. As the data did not satisfy the assumptions required for parametric analysis, Kendall’s tau-b, a non-parametric measure of association, was employed to examine relationships between the study variables. The study focuses on understanding the relationships between religious affiliation and peace and harmony within the sociocultural context of Punjab. It also recognizes the potential relevance of family socialization, educational institutions, media practices, religious values, and other social institutions in shaping interreligious relationships. The study aims to contribute to sociological understanding of religious diversity and peaceful coexistence. Its findings may provide useful insights for policymakers, religious leaders, educators, and community organizations seeking to strengthen mutual respect, interfaith understanding, social cohesion, and harmony among religious communities in Pakistan.