Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents in Ornamental Plant Promotion and Usage: Insights for Agricultural Extension

Abstract

This study examined the socio-economic and demographic factors influencing ornamental plant production in Tehsil Pattoki, District Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 120 ornamental plant growers were selected through purposive and random sampling, and data were collected using structured interviews and analyzed with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. The results showed that ornamental horticulture is primarily practiced by individuals in their economically active years, with the 25–29 age group representing the largest proportion of growers. Income distribution varied significantly with marital status, as unmarried florists reported higher earnings compared to married counterparts, reflecting differences in household responsibilities and investment capacity. Education was identified as a key determinant of livelihood diversification. Florists with limited education were largely dependent on farming, while those with matriculation and graduation combined farming with jobs. At advanced education levels, particularly masters and above, growers shifted predominantly towards business, underscoring the role of education in enhancing entrepreneurial skills and reducing reliance on farming. Overall, the findings demonstrate that ornamental horticulture is not only a source of aesthetic value but also a viable livelihood strategy contributing to rural employment, income diversification, and resilience. However, constraints such as limited technical training, weak extension services, and underdeveloped market infrastructure hinder its potential. Strengthening farmer-centered extension programs, improving access to credit, and establishing better market linkages are recommended to enhance the sustainability and profitability of ornamental plant enterprises in Pakistan.