Ecological and Physiological Effects of Global Climate Change on Living Organisms

Abstract

Climate change, driven by rising greenhouse gas emissions and global temperatures, has profound biological consequences for both humans and other animals. Increased heat stress, the spread of vector-borne diseases, and deteriorating air quality contribute to escalating human health challenges. Species that cannot rapidly adapt or shift their ranges face heightened survival pressures, while more mobile species may experience altered competitive interactions and food availability. Climate-driven shifts in food web structure and habitat composition disrupt ecosystem services and biodiversity, with cascading effects on ecological balance and human well-being. Furthermore, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events—such as hurricanes, floods, and heatwaves—amplify health risks and compromise critical infrastructure. In natural systems, climate change alters species distributions, reproductive behaviours, and survival rates, increasing extinction risks for those unable to adapt. These ecological disruptions undermine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, ultimately affecting the services essential to both human and wildlife populations..

Keywords : Environmental Degradation; Temperature Rise; Climate Change; Air Quality; Extreme Weather Events